general equipment
Measuring & Volume Handling
- Beakers – mixing, heating, and rough volume measurement
- Flasks (Erlenmeyer, volumetric, round-bottom) – precise volume prep and reactions
- Graduated cylinders – measuring liquid volumes accurately
- Pipettes & Micropipettes – transferring small volumes of liquids
- Burettes – titrations and precise dispensing
- Test tubes – small-scale reactions and sample storage
Storage & Holding
- Test tube racks – holding test tubes upright
- Droppers & Pasteur pipettes – transferring drops of liquids
- Funnels – for pouring and filtration
- Bottles & Reagent containers – storing solutions and chemicals
Heating & Cooling
- Hot plates & Magnetic stirrers – heating and mixing solutions
- Bunsen burners / Spirit lamps – heating substances
- Water baths – controlled heating at constant temperature
- Refrigerators & Freezers – sample and reagent storage
Measuring & Weighing
- Balances (analytical & top-loading) – measuring mass
- pH meters – measuring acidity/alkalinity
- Thermometers / Digital probes – temperature measurement
Separation & Purification
- Centrifuges – separating substances by density
- Filter papers & Filtration apparatus – separating solids from liquids
- Distillation setups – separating liquids based on boiling points
Safety Equipment
- Safety goggles & Gloves – personal protection
- Lab coats & Aprons – body protection
- Fume hoods – safe handling of volatile or hazardous chemicals
- First aid kit & Fire extinguisher – safety essentials
Glassware & Accessories
- Watch glasses – evaporating liquids or covering beakers
- Crucibles & Evaporating dishes – heating solids to high temperatures
- Desiccators – keeping materials moisture-free
- Glass rods – stirring solutions